Biology 1010 Enzyme free essay sample

The presence of quinones prevents infection of microorganisms because it is toxic to them (Danyk, H, 2013). Quinones are produced by the oxidation of phenolic compound of catechol. Enzymes are used to speed up chemical reactions in cells (Danyk, H, 2013). The enzyme catechol oxidase is used to speed up the production of benzoquinone which is to help in infection prevention. In this study catechol oxidase was combined with potato juice extract and water. To provide more results of the enzymes productivity patterns the solutions; temperatures were changed, alterations were made in pH, and the amount of concentration of catechol was altered. The solutions absorption was measured by a spectrophotmeter, this determined what conditions the enzyme produced benzoquinone the most. This is done to prove that the more basic the pH is, at room temperature, and with higher concentration of catechol oxidase it will produce more benzoquinone. This will happen until the present amount of catechol oxidase becomes limited due to its participation in the reaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology 1010 Enzyme or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Methods and Materials There were six test tubes needed in the first procedure where the proper amount of mL was placed within; 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24. One at a time 5mL of the neutral pH 7 was added to the tubes where the equal amounts of catechol (corresponding the number on the tube) were also dropped in respectfully. To make sure that every test tube was equal in there amount of volume, more of the pH 7 were then added drop by drop, starting at the beginning; 23, 22, 20, 16, and 8. All consisting of equal parts in volume the test tubes were combined with 30 drops of potato juice extract from an eyedropper and shaken so the entire mixture could become equally distributed throughout the enclosed area. Keeping the tubes at room temperature while mixing at one-minute intervals would continue to help the substrate availability have an effect on the enzyme activity. A 3-degree water bath would then set this activity so that the yield of enzymes catalyzed could be determined. In the occurrence of a pH change where any enzymes are present within the medium can cause the structures; both secondary and tertiary, to become disturbed which will cause these weak hydrogen bonds to become denatured. The extent of the denaturation of the bonded enzymes is affected by the emphasis of the pH change. In cases where the pH change is very minimal there is the possibility that the correct structure can become regenerated completely from its optimum pH becoming reached again. Ideally this procedure will result in substances that are more basic and acidic to produce less benzoquinone and substances that have a pH of seven, or close to seven, will produce a higher concentration of benzoquinone because of the preferred neutrality that a pH of seven has. When preforming this procedure one must begin with five test tubes that are occupied with the correct amount of substance that has the pH of 4, 6, 7, 8, and 10 which will be used. Once this buffer is created for each tube, 10 drops of potato juice as well as catechol oxidase containing the enzymes must be added and shaken in order to equally distribute all the components so that a possible change in pH can occur. Once placed in a 3 degree water bath the variety of colors in the substances due to the new pH change would have had a chance to completely set, making it possible to determine which pH is ideal for the most amount of benzoquinone to be produced. The amount of product is related to the temperature. The higher the temperature, the greater amount of collisions that will occur between the reactants. This will then result in a higher amount of product. When the temperature reaches a specific point where it can no longer cause any further reactions, the weakest bonds will break causing the enzymes to undergo denaturation and lose their catalytic function. In order to complete this procedure six test tubes were retrieved where filled one by one with 3 mL each of pH 7. The test tubes were placed in their respective water baths (one each in a 3, 12, 20, 35, 50 and 70 degree water bath) while 10 drops of potato juice extract and catechol were added from an eyedropper, the tubes must stay sitting in their water baths during this step. The tubes full of this mixture would be left for 15 minutes, stirring at one-minute intervals, so that they could ably reach the highest point that temperature is capable of and prohibit any further reactions to occur due to denaturation. Once this point had been reached the tubes could then be moved to a 3-degree water bath to continue to set so that the absorbance amount could then be determined from the effect that different temperatures have on catechol oxidase. Results The results presented are a mean of the class data. The lab manual presented information explaining the effects of catechol oxidase producing benzoquinone. Seen, through the collected data more presence is seen absorbed in the solution when the concentration is higher (figure 1). With very little catechol added there was very little presence of benzoquinone making the enzyme the limiting factor halting the production. Figure 2. looks at the pH change in distilled water added to the catechol oxidase and potato juice extract. By the data shown very acidic and very basic solutions were unable to produce as much benzoquinone. Bringing the enzyme to a more neutral state speeds up the production. The standard curve shows this by the peak at the concentration of pH 7. Looking at the solutions placed in different temperatures the data in figure 3 shows most production at 20-degrees F and 35-degrees F. Being at these temperatures are closest to room temperature, which is 25-degreesF, the enzyme produced best stored at this temperature. Discussion Production Of Benzoquinone With Graph Data Through the group results, seen in figure1, figure 2, and figure 3, the mean brought very similar absorption readings. The catechol oxidase with potato juice extract seemed to vary in production in pH data collected, though there was still gradual increase in production. Temperature solutions showed common production the 70- degrees F temperature and 3-degrees F temperature. As for the number of drops of catechol oxidase added to the solution proved that more of the enzyme present will lead to greater production of benzoquinone. Common Errors and Ways to Improve The amounts of drops that were put into the test tubes may not have been exactly the correct amount. This was exemplified through the test tube labeled 70 degrees. The absorption value was 90, most likely because more drops of potato juice extract or catechol were added to the test tube then needed. These unexpected results could be tested by redoing the procedure and being critical about how many drops each test tube was given. Production of Benzoquinone The results of the three procedures; substrate amount, pH, and temperature were fairly close to the hypothesis. The hypothesis was when there is a greater presence of catechol; a greater amount of benzoquinone will be produced up until the present amount of catechol oxidase becomes limited due to its participation in the reactions. All three of the procedures supported this hypothesis. The reliability of the results that were obtained is slightly lower than what would be wanted.

Margaret case Essay Example

Margaret case Essay Psychology paper #4 May, 10, 2013 Margaret Case Since antiquity, human exposes to many environmental stresses that lead to behavioral changes. These changes were studied by experts, which we call psychologists nowadays. Psychologists analysis human behaviors, define the type of stress that influence it and then try to fix that abnormal behaviors by one of the treatments. In the beginning, psychologists were unable to define some of abnormal behavioral changes (disorders) and what might cause these changes. However, later this science evolved through the psychologist, who faced a lot of cases and who were able to understand the behavioral disorders. In this paper I will follow the footprints of these psychologists in order to diagnose one of the patients, and in order to help her to get her normal life back. The patient name is Margaret. She is a clerical worker at manufacturing company. Recently, Margaret stopped going to her work due to many mental problems. When she came to the clinic, she complained about some of the feelings and the things that made her life abnormal. She said that she often awoke feeling deplorable on Mondays. Moreover, Margaret explained that she suffers from Amnesia, which means that she lost the time and the memory. She rarely remembers what she usually does in the weekends. Margaret also complained that she cant understand how sometime she would find a stranger man in her bed or receive a call from men that she never met, who called her Janie. Suddenly, while Margaret was describing her sufferance in the therapy session, she started to talk and to act like a kid who refers to herself as Suzie. Thus, based on these symptoms, its clear that she suffers from dissociative identity disorder (DID). This disorder can be define as a condition in which a person has more than one, each personality acts differently from the other personality. This disorder is a result of a trauma or extremely bad experiences. According to psychoanalytic theory of Freud, Margaret disorder is a result of one of the defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms are psychological or mental mechanisms brought by the unconscious to protect the ego, to deny the reality and to preserve a socially cceptable image of self. We will write a custom essay sample on Margaret case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Margaret case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Margaret case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Margaret disorder can be explained by one of these mechanisms that called denial mechanism. Denial mechanism is when the patient refuses to accept the reality because it cause anxiety, and its too threatening. In Freud opinion, human deny things or events to protect the ego from things that cannot be cope with. Therefore, Margaret hides her real personality, and shows other personalities because she is trying to deny a bad experience or a bad memory that she faced in her childhood. Margaret condition can be treated by using ifferent kinds of therapy. However, I would like to use cognitive behavioral therapy with her. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic approach that treats mental disorder or emotional disorder. CBT is based on the idea that our thoughts cause our behaviors or feeling. Margaret negative ideas influence the way she acts and the way she feels. My task with Margaret will be making her aware of the influence that negative ideas have on her life. By making Margaret aware of her negative ideas and the wrong view of life, it will be easier to change the way she hinks. Modifying the way the patient thinks will cause changing in her behaviors, and thats will decrease the number of personality she has. In addition, Margaret might benefit from medication such as antidepressant or anti-anxiety drugs. In conclusion, there are many patients that suffer from dissociative identity disorder. This disorder affects their daily life and also affects their families. Undoubtedly, its difficult to be a round people who suffer from DID, because every period of time they will have different personality. Also, they suffer from amnesia that causes them to forget a lot. Therefore, informative workshops would be needed in the society. The question that remains on the line is, would theses workshops succeed to change the way people react to such a disorder? Books list that associate with DID: Sybil: The Classic True Story of a Woman Possessed by Sixteen Personalities The Sum of My Parts: A Survivors Story of Dissociative Identity Disorder Switching Time: A Doctors Harrowing Story of Treating a Woman with 17 Personalities When Rabbit Howls The Three Faces Of Eve Twenty-Two Faces

Jesuits in China

The Jesuit Mission The Jesuits in China represented one of the most significant events in the relations between China and the West. The Mission had a great impact in so many ways resulting in the revolution of China in a variety of fields.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Jesuits in China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, it has always served as a near perfect example of the interactions of two totally different cultures in the late imperial period. The missionary efforts in the county also played a huge role in the introduction as well as the spread of western knowledge, culture and science in China (Brockey, 2007). It is now an established fact that the mission was the foundation of the Christian culture in China. Up until the nineteenth century, before the Catholic and Protestant missions had gained influence in China, the Jesuit missionaries were very influential members of the Chinese societ y. In the 16th century, various prominent Jesuit missionaries initiated missions in China by communicating with Chinese scholars who were representatives of Confucianism. They also introduced mathematics, astronomy, visual arts and western science (Hsia, 2009). The role of Matteo Ricci As evidenced by the impact of his works in China, Matteo Ricci is the most famous Jesuit missionary. He was a great scholar who was able to influence many people through his intelligence and humble personality (Spence, 1984). Ricci’s contribution to the development and cultural exchange in China included the maps of the world and China that he drew. This fascinated the Chinese, and he went a step further to translate Chinese classics into English for the European readers. His approach to the mission was somewhat different which made him stand out as he did not try to force the Chinese to convert but engaged them in conversation and presented them with gifts such as clocks hence building up curi osity among the Chinese. Within no time, the Chinese were interested in finding out more about Europe and Christianity. Scientific Achievements The Jesuit mission in China was a blend of Christianity and scientific competence, not to mention, eastern and western science. In this respect, the Jesuits were regarded very highly in China. As a matter of fact, in the seventeenth century, two Chinese emperors displayed their admiration and respect for the missionaries by living close to them and giving them high ranking posts with great responsibilities in China (Cohen, 1999). For instance, Ferdinand Verbiest, a renowned mathematician and astronomer was among one of the missionaries who stimulated Chinese researches in scientific fields. He was given the position of president of the mathematics bureau. In the performance of his tasks and duties, he made a draft of the solar and lunar eclipses; worked on the invention of a steam engine for ships, and he even reformed the Chinese calendar ( Hsia, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another influential Jesuit missionary who won favor among the Chinese officials was Antoine Thomas. He had been trained by Verbiest and had great achievements to the scale of establishing a new itinerary between Europe and China and he also established the base of the metric system (Hsia, 2009). Philosophical Achievements The Jesuits also had accomplishments in the field of humanities. In the 17-18th centuries, they translated some of the Chinese classics for the many interested European readers. The result of this was a rich cultural exchange between the two belief systems despite the fact that communication was still poor at the time. Some of the Chinese philosophical texts were an inspiration for many European writers. The likes of Leibniz were inspired by the Chinese books which contributed to his reflection on a world language, as well as his binary system in mathematics (Brockey, 2007). The Rites controversy This was a struggle that broke out after the death of Ricci and lasted well over ten decades. Early in the eighteenth century, a dispute arose within the church regarding rituals and offerings to the emperor; this was at the time considered by the church to constitute idolatry (Spence, 1984). It was among one of the main reasons why the promising mission of the Jesuits in China stalled (Spence, 1984). The root of the problem was based on Ricci’s contention that converts were still allowed to practice the ceremonial rites of Confucianism and ancestor worship which he considered to be purely social and political in nature (Spence, 1984). The Dominicans, however, were of the contrary opinion, regarding Ricci’s position. In fact, they ensured that the case was taken to Rome leading to much more controversy. Over time, the Jesuits appealed to the emperor concerning the issue and he agreed to en dorse Ricci’s position. The emperor’s confusion was quite clear; missionaries were in dispute within his jurisdiction, therefore, he decided that the justified reaction was to consider expelling all foreign Christians from China. Thanks to the discovery of the Nestorian monument in 1623, the Jesuits had the emperor rule against all missionaries who opposed Ricci’s position (Brockey, 2007). The monument was influential in proving that Christianity was indeed not a new religion in China as the Chinese often expressed. The monument was solid evidence that Christianity had been introduced into the country about a thousand years before.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Jesuits in China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Age of inquisition The Spanish Franciscans did not give up the fight against the Jesuits. Eventually, they were able to convince the Pope at the time that Jesuit mission s were dangerously accommodating Chinese practices that were not entirely consistent with Christian practice. This raged on until 1742 when Pope Benedict XIV officially forbade the worship of ancestors and disagreed with the Jesuits (Brockey, 2007). As a matter of fact, once Pope Clement XIV dissolved the Jesuits, many Christians were persecuted and the congregation scattered. Despite all this, the congregation remained strong. In addition, the financial policies of the Jesuit missionaries also contributed to a lot of controversy especially among the Chinese on the nature of the religion. There was tension between the locals and the foreigners as the missionaries were involved in a variety of business ventures. They were landlords of various properties; organized money lending operations and greatly contributed to the development of the silk industry in China for trade with the West (Stockwell, 2003). Conclusion As has been mentioned, the Jesuits approach to missionary duty was tact ful and genius. Their approach, which included the accommodation of some of the Chinese practices, was their strong point. They had managed to plant a church with totals well into the hundreds of thousands by 1901 (Brockey, 2007). All in all, they succeeded in rendering not just Christianity to the Chinese population but spreading western culture and education, especially science as they were well educated and equipped with skills in western knowledge, literature and culture. They also managed to deal with the tensions that emerged when the two civilizations came together, and the results are still evident to date with Christianity still prevalent in China. References Brockey, L. M. (2007). Journey to the East: the Jesuit mission to China, 1579-1724. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Cohen, J. (1999). The sextants of Beijing: global currents in Chinese history. New York: W.W. Norton Co. Hsia, F. C. (2009). Sojourners in a strange land: Jesuits and their s cientific missions in late imperial China. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Spence, J. D. (1984). The memory palace of Matteo Ricci. New York, N.Y.: Viking Penguin. Stockwell, F. (2003). Westerners in China: a history of exploration and trade, ancient times through the present. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Co. Publishers. This research paper on Jesuits in China was written and submitted by user Xavi A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Announcing #IWriteBecause - A Campaign For Writers

Announcing #IWriteBecause - A Campaign For Writers Announcing #IWriteBecause: A Campaign For Writers, By Writers The pinnacle of a writer’s life may not ever be a tearful speech at the Oscars. (â€Å"I want to thank my ergonomic keyboard for not giving me carpal tunnel.†) However,  though it might not take the form of a miniature golden statue, all writers possess inspirations that drive them to put pen to paper. So what's yours?We know that words are powerful - and now more than ever, we can use our words to get the message of writing out and do good. Perhaps one day a child who watches your video will be able to say that #TheyAlsoWriteBecause.How  can you contribute to #IWriteBecause?Submit your short, one-minute video via the campaign site, and tell us your reasons for writing. In doing so, you’ll be joining writers of all stripes who already sent in videos, including bestselling author Mark Dawson, award-winning food and travel writer Joanna Pruess, USA Today bestselling author Carter Wilson, New York Times bestseller David Heinemeier Hansson, and popular BookTuber Hailey LeBlanc.We’re featuring a couple of videos every day on the site, so feel free to browse through other writers’ stories! The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, or so they say.Here are a few questions to get you started:Why do you write?What do you love the most about writing?What do you get out of writing?What do you want to achieve by the end of your career as a writer?So grab your phone or a camera now. You can change a child's life for the better. All it takes is a minute to fill in the blank and say via video: I write, because ___________.Why do you write? This is your chance to tell us. Send us a video through the campaign site  and contribute to the movement.

Video review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Video review - Essay Example The first reason goes like this; If the US really wanted to overthrow Saddam from Iraq and install a true democracy, they could have backed up the popular uprising that took place just after the first Gulf War. Nevertheless instead of helping the peoples revolt, US stood by and allowed Saddams forces to viciously crush all opposition. Saddam could have been out many years ago but as I see it, US government found him worthy as a democracy arising from such a revolt would be one that they could not control and manipulate. As a US citizen I am really afraid of this situation and don’t want US government to create this kind of conspiracies. Furthermore; â€Å"Iran is supporting three Shiite extremist groups in Iraq that have been attempting to attack US bases, Said General Ray Odierno, the top US commander in Iraq. However, there’s a conflict as for the past 4 years the US military has blamed Iran for supporting violent anti-US groups functioning in Iraq, but has been unable to demonstrate a clear link with the government in Tehran.† Thus, in my opinion US will first utilize Iran to get Iraq in hold, and then will run its forces onto Iran to detain it too as Iran seems to be coming in a very strong position. Specially because of having the nuclear power Iran is considered a sign of danger. The United States authorities want to make Iraq a power player to keep Iran in check in the West, Afghanistan to keep it in check in the East. The original goal was to liberate Iraq and invade Iran from there. Except removing Saddam, which created a power vacuum. Thus, US will get to remodel Iran from the ground up according to their precise stipulations. 3. The Worst scenario that can be faced by both countries among each other is war. However this is what American government always wanted. One of the plans of US was to make Israel and the Arab world united to invade or obstruct Iran. However for Iran, another worst case scenario would be to pre-emptively bombard Israel

Michigan's Responce to the PBB Crisis in the 1970s Essay

Michigan's Responce to the PBB Crisis in the 1970s - Essay Example The Michigan Chemical Corporation in St. Louis, Michigan was the main producer of the FireMaster brand of these PBB flame retardants. The brand FireMaster BP-6 was made out of a mixture of various PBB congeners with 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexabromobiphenyl and 2,2’3,4,4’,5,5’-heptabromobiphenyl as major components based on mass2. Other components of FireMaster products include bromochlorobiphenyls and polybrominated naphthalenes3. These components combined created the unfortunate animal and human health consequences seen in the Michigan chemical disaster. The FireMaster BP-6, in 1973, was accidentally added to livestock feed which was then distributed to various farms in Michigan4. Shortly thereafter, various livestock started dying. About 1.5 million chickens, 30,000 cattle, 5900 pigs, and about 1400 sheep died immediately after being contaminated and their carcasses were managed in landfills in different parts of the state5. About a year would pass before the animals would be culled6. This incident was caused by poor labeling procedures of the company with thousands of pounds of FireMaster being mistakenly labeled as magnesium oxide and delivered to companies manufacturing animal feed. After contamination, most of the animals exhibited mild symptoms like disorientation; others however became very much sick, manifesting internal bleeding and skin lesions. Others died immediately after contamination7. ... hey did not know the actual cause of these deaths and most of them did not perceive that the tainted meat from these livestock would imply a major health threat9. As a result, meat from some of the sick animals was added into the animal feed. This caused further contamination of other animals. Meat from the healthy cows was also sold in the markets for human consumption10. Moreover, chickens which were fed the contaminated feeds lay eggs which were also tainted with PBBs. All in all, thousands of people in Michigan were actually ingesting PBB-contaminated foods and did not even know about it11. Symptoms of PBB poisoning among humans is often based on the amount or level of contamination; mostly it includes stomach problems, abnormal bleeding, loss of balance, skin lesions, and a decreased resistance to diseases12. Many farmers and their families developed health issues attributed to PBB contamination and in general, the long-term impact of PBB among Michigan residents is still persis tent because of the long-term impact of the PBBs13. In fact, it would take more years to pass before the full impact of the contamination would ever be known. The disaster also gained much attention for their continued impact on livestock, with nearly all of the large dairy farms in Michigan reporting cattle and other animal deaths14. Many of their cows also started aborting and most of them soon started to look sick, with their coats becoming mangy and hooves overgrowing. Consultants from the Michigan Department of Agriculture launched their investigation of these incidents; however, they too could not establish the cause of these incidents15. Eventually however, investigators uncovered that chemical workers at the Michigan Chemical Corporation mistakenly mixed chemical polybrominated

Love in psychology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Love in psychology - Coursework Example Love is too enthralling that millions of people resulted to find varied ways and strategies just to find the idealized partner. Many have strong preference to look at love as a positive force that fills the existential vacuum, but many of them are also experientially eluded to truly feel and perceived true love. At times, gender relations illustrate power play in relationships: of submissiveness and domination. Female does the former and the male does the later. It has varying perception from male, female, gay, lesbian or of those coming from transsexual gender. But most of them felt how love entails joy, happiness, and hurt. There is a mystical concept in it, maybe because of its association to fantastic fairy tales. Lovers would even seize distance just to be with the beloved; or to find wisdom from good or bad relationship; or to simply feel the void in the lover’s absence. But its amazing how one could find someone to love from billions of people walking in all busy lanes. Love’s history is immortalized by time and its details are enshrined in all historic evolution of events in many civilizations. Rubin (1975) thought that romantic  love  is made holistic by three elements: attachment, caring, and intimacy. Attachment is a state of belongingness where care is felt and there is direct communication for cognitive and emotive responses. It is a comfort zone, a security base, a sacred breathing space. It is considered as passion. The absence of attachment caused certain level of instability of emotions and psyche. Caring on the other hand relate to humanistic-altruistic value of being sensitive to another’s happiness. Intimacy refers to the bond established through sharing of thoughts, desires, and feelings with each other.  Hatfield, Cacioppo, Rapson, and Clark (1992) categorized love into compassionate  and passionate  love. Compassionate love refers to the capacity of person to understand and to be receptive of the language of the heart with respect and trust. Compassionate  love  usually develops out of feelings of mutual understanding and shared respect for each other.  Passionate  love  on the other hand is an intense feeling with physiological awareness of the beloved. Reciprocation of these feelings meant fulfillment and the person is preconceived as an ideal lover. Hatfield et.al. (1992) believed that passionate  love  is transitory and could only last within the period from 6 to 30 months. Meanwhile, Lee (1973) explicated love by associating its concepts to primary colors: eros, ludos, and storge.  He believed that love is a combination of these three. For instance, the combination of eros and ludos meant an obsessive love. A combination of ludos and storge could result to realistic love, a pragma. Eros and storge combined would also mean selfless love. Religious leaders call this agape, an ideation of love in the image of God. Lee (1973) further explained that eros meant loving an ideal person; ludos meant love as a game; and storge meant love as friendship. Sternberg (1996) professed that relationships are built on elements that endure and are called consummated love as a description of intimacy, passion, and commitment. Rubin (1973), a social psychologist